考研英语#2016考研究生英语经济学人#小本生意的旺市与淡市 繁文缛节让人忧郁 ...

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The best and worst states for small business
小本生意的旺市与淡市
Red tape blues
繁文缛节让人忧郁
Small businesses fret less about taxes than over-regulation
小本生意担心监管过度问题多过税收
IAN TONER, an architect in Philadelphia, recentlywent to city offices for a permit to build a stoop for a client's home. The city, he learned, hadjust imposed new requirements:he would have to get maps from gas, electric, water and otherutilities to ensure the stoop would not disturb their underground lines and then resubmit hisapplication. A process he thought would take a day took more than two weeks.
最近，费城建筑师伊恩·托纳前往市政府办公室为其客户获得房屋门廊建设许可证。伊恩了解到，费城刚刚颁布了新的要求咨询QQ、微信：2544906。2012年，亚利桑那州兽医医学研究委员会要求凯里停止这项服务，否则将面临高价罚款以及牢狱之灾。据司法部部门，一家持自由论的律师事务所帮助凯里控告该委员会，亚利桑那州并没有要求兽医要学按摩，而且凯里小姐也可能会免费提供该服务;除非她是兽医，不然她不能收费。凯里抱怨道，“我所认识的兽医觉得这很荒唐。这是他们获得自保的政治手段。”
State licensing regimes vary widely. Louisiana requires licences for 70% of low-wageoccupations, according to IJ, including barber, bartender and cosmetologist. In Wyoming, it is amore modest 24%. In Hawaii, licences require an average of 724 days of experience andeducation; in Pennsylvania, 113. Enforcement is uneven, too.
许可证体制变化莫测。依据司法部门，路易斯安那州要求包括理发师、酒保以及美容师在内的占70%的低收入职业持有许可证明。在怀俄明州，该比例较少，为24%。在夏威夷州，执照获得的资格要求是工作经历加教育经历724天;在宾夕法尼亚州，113天。执行过程更是入目不堪。
Changes to regulations have little effect on economic growth in the short run—cyclicalinfluences such as the state of the housing market or the fortunes of a particular industry(high-tech in California, oil in Texas) matter more. But in the long run, business-friendlinessmakes a difference: one study found that states that rank better on indices of taxes, costs andregulations enjoy stronger job growth, after filtering out the influence of industry compositionand the weather. Globally, countries that rank higher in the World Bank's surveys of the easeof doing business grow faster.
从短期看，条规的变化对经济增长无影响，而周期性的影响因素比如房地产市场的状态或者一个特定行业的财富积累(加州的高科技，德克萨斯州的石油)，却更重要。但是，从长期看，商业友好型却有不同咨询QQ、微信：2544906的韩国烤肉于2008年在洛杉矶流行开来，这是因为洛杉矶这座城市随处可适应美食车。相比而言，芝加哥却禁止快餐车停留在实体餐厅的200英尺范围内，还要求他们配有GPS定位以确保他们遵守了上述条例，而这一切让市中心商业区的人们生活艰难。
Businesses lobby for lots of things they should not have: handouts from the taxpayer,handicaps imposed on their rivals. But it is hard to find fault in their plea for simpler rules,swifter bureaucratic decisions, government websites that a normal person can navigate andofficials who actually answer the phone.
企业为了许多不属于他们的东西四处游说：纳税人的救济金，给对手造成的障碍。然而，我们很难去指责他们想要简单条例、更迅速的官僚决策、普通人可以使用的政府网站以及可以接通电话的官员。
Clearing away old rules is hard. Their benefits tend to be concentrated (eg, when they protectincumbents); their costs dispersed (slightly higher prices affect all consumers, but only alittle). States and cities can, however, slow the pace at which new rules proliferate, for exampleby estimating their economic impact before enacting them. Last year Iowa's governor vetoed abill that would have required licences for drug-abuse counsellors, and Arizona made life easierfor firms operating in multiple cities with separate sales taxes by limiting them to one tax formand one audit.
废除老规矩是很难的。老规矩的受益者们往往很集中(当要保护现任者的时候);所需成本分散(稍高的价钱会影响所有的消费者)。然而，州政府以及市政府却可以放慢新规则的制定速度，例如，在制定之前可以先评估其经济影响。去年爱荷华州的官员投票通过一项法案，其内容要求吸毒人员的顾问持有执照;亚利桑那州放宽对公司的要求，通过限制公司只有一个税种和一种审计，允许其在多个城市支付单独的销售税。
The difficulty is that many rules purport to protect the public: from shoddy services,dangerous products or even death. Even if the cost is high and the risk remote, no politicianwants to be accused of compromising public safety. Last year Mike Pence, Indiana's Republicangovernor, vetoed the licensing of diabetes educators and anaesthesiologist assistants, on thegrounds the new rules would raise barriers to business and require additional bureaucracy.But a year later, he signed into law a modified version of the measure, minus the extrabureaucracy but otherwise much the same.
许多条例制定出来是为了保护民众免受赝品、危险的产品以及死亡的威胁，而这恰恰也是难点。即使成本高，危险遥不可及，没有一个政客愿意因为危害公共安全而被起诉。去年，印第安纳州共和党州长麦克·彭斯投票糖尿病教育者以及麻醉学者助理的许可证，理由是新的法规会给商业活动造成困难，并会增加额外的官员。但是一年以后，他签署了一份修改版的法案，减少多余的官僚机构，其他方面则一样。
【重点解析】
1.comply with 遵守;遵从;依从
例句:They refused to comply with the UNresolution.
他们拒绝遵守联合国的决议。
2.because of 因为;由于
例句:The man was known to the police because ofprevious convictions.
因为有犯罪前科，警察们都认识这个人。
3.such as 例如;诸如
例句:Issues such as these were not really his concern.
他其实并不关心诸如此类的问题。
4.according to 根据;按照;依照
例句:The route that the boatmen choose varies according to the water level.
船夫选择的路线会随水位的变化而有所不同。