| [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. |
41. Petrarch | [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. |
42. Niccolò Machiavelli | [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. |
43. Samuel Smiles | [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. |
44. Thomas Carlyle | [E]. held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. |
45. Marx and Engels | [F]. dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. |
| [G]. depicted the worthy lives of engineers industrialists and explorers. |