考研英语#2017-2025考研究生英语拓展阅读#为何减肥后体重会反弹 ...

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Danny Cahill stood, slightly dazed, in a blizzard ofconfetti as the audience screamed and his family ranon stage. He had won Season 8 of NBC’s realitytelevision show “The Biggest Loser,” shedding moreweight than anyone ever had on the program — anastonishing 239 pounds in seven months.
丹尼·卡希尔(Danny Cahill)站在漫天的五彩纸屑中，微微有点懵，观众们在尖叫，他的家人飞奔上台。他获得了NBC频道电视真人秀节目《超级减肥王》(The Biggest Loser)第8季的冠军，在七个月时间里惊人地减掉了239磅(约217斤)，超过了节目的其他所有参与者。
When he got on the scale for all to see that evening, Dec. 8, 2009, he weighed just 191pounds, down from 430. Dressed in a T-shirt and knee-length shorts, he was lean, athleticand as handsome as a model.
2009年12月8日的那个晚上，他上秤让所有人看到，他从430磅(约390斤)减到了191磅(约173斤)。当时，他穿着T恤和及膝短裤，看起来精瘦强壮，和模特一样帅。
“I’ve got my life back,” he declared. “I mean, I feel like a million bucks.”
“我重新找回了生活，”他宣称，“我感觉好极了。”
Cahill left the show’s stage in Hollywood and flew directly to New York to start a triumphal tourof the talk shows, chatting with Jay Leno, Regis Philbin and Joy Behar. As he heard from fans allover the world, his elation knew no bounds.
卡希尔离开好莱坞那个节目的舞台，直接飞到纽约，开始进行一系列胜利者的脱口秀，接受杰·雷诺(JayLeno)、里吉斯·菲尔宾(Regis Philbin)和乔伊·贝哈尔(Joy Behar)的采访。他收到世界各地粉丝们的来信，得意无比。
But in the years since, more than 100 pounds have crept back onto his 5-foot-11 framedespite his best efforts. In fact, most of that season’s 16 contestants have regained much ifnot all the weight they lost so arduously. Some are even heavier now.
然而在那之后，虽然尽了最大努力，身高5英尺11英寸(约1.8米)的他还是慢慢长了逾100磅(约90斤)。实际上，那一季的16名参赛者辛苦减掉体重之后，多数人有反弹，哪怕不是完全长回了减掉的体重。有些人的体重甚至超过了上节目前。
Yet their experiences, while a bitter personal disappointment, have been a gift to science. Astudy of Season 8’s contestants has yielded surprising new discoveries about the physiologyof obesity that help explain why so many people struggle unsuccessfully to keep off the weightthey lose.
这些经历对他们个人来说虽然意味着苦涩的失望，但对科学来说，却是天赐良机。对第8季参赛者的研究得出了令人惊讶的新发现，让我们更了解肥胖的生理机能，并有助于解释为什么那么多人减肥之后无法保持。
Kevin Hall, a scientist at a federal research center who admits to a weakness for reality TV, hadthe idea to follow the “Biggest Loser” contestants for six years after that victorious night. Theproject was the first to measure what happened to people over as long as six years after theyhad lost large amounts of weight with intensive dieting and exercise.
凯文·霍尔(Kevin Hall)是一家联邦研究中心的科学家，他承认自己酷爱电视真人秀。在卡希尔获胜之后，他产生了一个想法咨询QQ、微信：2544906被花在减肥药和减肥项目上面，但是连最积极的减肥者也是在与自身的生物机制对抗。
Their experience shows that the body will fight back for years. And that, said Dr. MichaelSchwartz, an obesity and diabetes researcher who is a professor of medicine at the Universityof Washington, is “new and important.”
他们的经验表明，身体会反抗很多年。肥胖和糖尿病研究者、华盛顿大学(University of Washington)医学教授迈克尔·施瓦茨博士(Michael Schwartz)说，这一点是“新发现，也很重要”。
“The key point is that you can be on TV, you can lose enormous amounts of weight, you cango on for six years, but you can’t get away from a basic biological reality,” said Schwartz, whowas not involved in the study. “As long as you are below your initial weight, your body is goingto try to get you back.”
“重点是，你能上电视，你能把体重减轻很多，你能坚持六年，但你无法摆脱基本的生物学事实，”施瓦茨说。他没有参与这项研究。“只要低于原来的体重，你的身体就会努力让你恢复。”
The study’s findings, to be published on Monday in the journal Obesity, are part of a scientificpush to answer some of the most fundamental questions about obesity. Researchers arefiguring out why being fat makes so many people develop diabetes and other medicalconditions, and they are searching for new ways to block the poison in fat. They are startingto unravel the reasons bariatric surgery allows most people to lose significant amounts ofweight when dieting so often fails. And they are looking afresh at medical care for obese people.
这项研究的结果将于周一发表在《肥胖》杂志(Obesity)上。它是为回答一些最基本的肥胖问题而进行的科学研究的一部分。研究者们正在努力弄清为什么肥胖让这么多人患上糖尿病或出现其他健康问题，他们也在寻找阻断脂肪中有害物质的新方法。他们开始揭示，为什么肥胖手术能让大部分人体重减轻很多而节食却经常失败。他们还在重新审视对超重者的医疗护理。
The hope is that this work will eventually lead to new therapies that treat obesity as a chronicdisease and can help keep weight under control for life.
他们希望，这项工作将最终让我们找到新的治疗方法，把肥胖作为一种慢性病加以治疗，并且终生控制体重。
Most people who have tried to lose weight know how hard it is to keep the weight off, but manyblame themselves when the pounds come back. But what obesity research has consistentlyshown is that dieters are at the mercy of their own bodies, which muster hormones and analtered metabolic rate to pull them back to their old weights, whether that is hundreds ofpounds more or that extra 10 or 15 that many people are trying to keep off.
大部分试过减肥的人都知道保持减轻后的体重有多难，但是很多人在体重又增加时会怪自己。但是，肥胖研究一再表明，节食者受制于自己的身体，它通过调节激素和代谢率，让他们恢复原来的体重，不管是几百磅，还是很多人想努力避免长回去的那10磅或15磅。
There is always a weight a person’s body maintains without any effort. And while it is not knownwhy that weight can change over the years — it may be an effect of aging — at any point, thereis a weight that is easy to maintain, and that is the weight the body fights to defend. Finding away to thwart these mechanisms is the goal scientists are striving for. First, though, they aretrying to understand them in greater detail.
每个人都有一个不必费力就能维持的体重。虽然不知道这个数字为什么会随着时间发生变化——可能是年龄增长的结果——但是在任何一个时间点，总有一个容易保持的体重，那也就是身体努力保卫的体重。找到对抗这一机制的方法是科学家努力追求的目标。不过，他们首先要努力了解更多细节。
Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center atBoston Children’s Hospital, who was not involved in the research, said the findings showed theneed for new approaches to weight control. He cautioned that the study was limited by itssmall size and the lack of a control group of obese people who did not lose weight. But, headded, the findings made sense.
波士顿儿童医院(Boston Children’s Hospital)新平衡基金会肥胖预防中心(New Balance FoundationObesity Prevention Center)的主管大卫·路德维希博士(David Ludwig)说，这些发现表明，需要寻找控制体重的新方法。他没有参与这项研究。他提醒说，这项研究的局限性在于规模小，没有对照组，也就是没有一组未参加减肥的肥胖者。不过，他补充说，这些发现说得通。
“This is a subset of the most successful” dieters, he said. “If they don’t show a return tonormal in metabolism, what hope is there for the rest of us?”
他说，“他们是最成功的”减肥者，“如果他们的新陈代谢水平没有恢复正常，我们剩下这些人还有什么希望呢”。
Still, he added, “that shouldn’t be interpreted to mean we are doomed to battle our biology orremain fat. It means we need to explore other approaches.”
不过，他补充说，“这不应该被理解为，我们注定要对抗自身的生物机制，或者就只能继续肥胖。而应该被理解为，我们需要探索其他方法。”
All this does not mean that modest weight loss is hopeless, experts say. Individuals responddifferently to diet manipulations — low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diets, for example — andto exercise and weight-loss drugs, among other interventions.
专家们说，所有这些并不意味着适度减肥毫无希望。每个人对饮食控制(比如低碳水化合物或低热量饮食)以及锻炼和减肥药物等各种干预的反应是不同的。
But Ludwig said that simply cutting calories was not the answer. “There are no doubtexceptional individuals who can ignore primal biological signals and maintain weight loss forthe long term by restricting calories,” he said, but he added that “for most people, thecombination of incessant hunger and slowing metabolism is a recipe for weight regain —explaining why so few individuals can maintain weight loss for more than a few months.”
不过，路德维希说，仅仅减少热量摄入不是问题的答案。他说，“毫无疑问，有些例外的人能够不理会基本的生物信号，通过控制热量摄入长期保持体重减轻”，但是，“对大部分人来说，无休止的饥饿感和不断放缓的代谢加在一起，会导致体重重新增加，这就能解释为什么很少有人能保持体重减轻超过几个月”。
Cahill knows that now. And with his report from Hall’s group showing just how much hismetabolism had slowed, he stopped blaming himself for his weight gain.
卡希尔现在知道了。霍尔团队关于他的报告表明，他的代谢减缓了很多，所以他不再因为体重增加而责怪自己了。
“That shame that was on my shoulders went off,” he said.
“我背负的羞耻感消失了，”他说。